Candidiasis, also known as a "yeast infection" or VVC, is a common fungal infection that occurs when there is overgrowth of the fungus called Candida. Candida is always present in the body in small amounts. However, when an imbalance occurs, such as when the normal acidity of the vagina changes or when hormonal balance changes, Candida can multiply. When that happens, symptoms of candidiasis appear.

Causes

Yeast grows in conditions that are less acidic. Yeast infections occur when the vaginal fluids, which are usually mildly acidic, become less acidic. Yeast infections also result from any condition that causes a decrease in the ‘good' bacteria that help keep yeast levels in check. Most cases of Candida infection are caused by the person’s own Candida organisms. Candida yeasts usually live in the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina without causing symptoms . Symptoms develop only when Candida becomes overgrown in these sites. Rarely, Candida can be passed from person to person, such as through sexual intercourse.

Risk Factors

A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease. Your risk of getting a yeast infection increases when:

• Situations that can cause hormonal changes, such as:

• • Birth control pills

• • Pregnancy

• • Menopause

• • Steroid use

• Broad-spectrum antibiotics

• Diabetes, especially when blood sugar is not well controlled

• A compromised immune system, such as with HIV infection

• Perfumed feminine hygiene sprays, deodorant tampons, or bubble bath

• Tight jeans, synthetic underwear, or a wet swimsuit

• Douching

Symptoms

Symptoms include:

• Vaginal itching, ranging from mild to severe

• A clumpy, vaginal discharge that may look like cottage cheese

• Vaginal soreness, irritation, or burning

• Rash or redness on the skin outside the vagina

• Painful urination

• Painful sexual intercourse

Diagnosis

Your doctor will take a history and perform a pelvic exam, during which any vaginal discharge will be analyzed (under a microscope). Once a yeast infection has been confirmed, you can buy an over-the-counter cream or suppository to treat it.

It is important to see a doctor the first time you have symptoms of a yeast infection. Other infections, including bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis, have similar symptoms to a yeast infection. If you have had a yeast infection in the past and are certain it is the same, it is safe to use over-the-counter antifungal medications. Consult your doctor if you have any doubt.

Treatment

Prevention

• Dry the outside vaginal area thoroughly after a shower, bath, or swim.

• Change out of a wet bathing suit or damp workout clothes as soon as possible.

• Wear cotton underwear.

• Avoid tight-fitting clothing.

• Don't douche unless your doctor tells you to do so. Douching may disturb the vaginal balance.

• If you have diabetes, try and control your blood sugar.

• Avoid bubble baths, perfumed feminine hygiene sprays, and scented soap.

• Avoid frequent or prolonged use of antibiotics if possible.

• Consider adding yogurt to your diet. Some women find that eating yogurt daily prevents yeast overgrowth.

• Some women with chronic yeast infections find that cutting down on alcohol, sugar, caffeine, and refined carbohydrates helps as well.

RESOURCES:

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
http://www.acog.org

National Women's Health Information Center
http://www.4woman.gov

References:

American Academy of Family Physicians website. Available at: http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home.html.

Medline Plus website. Available at: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/17141.htm.

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases website. Available at: http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/.

CDC