Ischemia, the noun for ischemic, means a low oxygen state due to inadequate blood flow. Bowel refers to the small and large intestine.
Ischemic bowel disease (IBD) results from inadequate flow of oxygenated blood to the intestines. The extent of IBD can range from mild to severe based on the amount of damage from lack of oxygenated blood. This is a potentially serious condition and requires care from your doctor. The sooner IBD is treated, the more favorable the outcome. Contact your doctor if you think you may have IBD.
Causes
IBD occurs when an artery that supplies blood becomes blocked or narrowed. There are several possible causes of ischemic bowel disease, including:
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Blockage in the arteries due to a tumor or blood clot
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Narrowing of the arteries supplying blood to the bowel from atherosclerosis
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Obstruction in the colon (large intestine)
Risk Factors
A risk factor is something that increases your chances of getting a disease or condition. The following factors increase your chances of developing ischemic bowel disease:
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Advanced age
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Shock induced by conditions such as blood stream infection and blood loss
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Recent heart attack
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Sustained abnormal heart beat
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Congestive heart failure
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Peripheral vascular disease
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Coronary artery bypass surgery or other vascular surgeries
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Colon cancer
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Certain medications that cause arteries to narrow
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Diabetes
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Hemodialysis
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Sickle cell disease
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Dehydration
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Pregnancy
Symptoms
If you experience any of these symptoms do not assume it is due to ischemic bowel disease. These symptoms may be caused by other, less serious health conditions. If you have the following symptoms, see your physician.
Diagnosis
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. If ischemic bowel disease is suspected, you will most likely be referred to a specialist for further evaluation and treatment.
Tests may include the following:
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X-ray of abdomen
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CT Scan or MRI of the abdomen
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Colonoscopy: a procedure where a long flexible tube is inserted through the rectum to inspect the colon and rectum.
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Angiography: an x-ray test used to view the arteries supplying the bowel
Treatment
Treatment options depend on the severity of the ischemia and include the following:
Supportive Care
Bowel rest and intravenous fluids are given in mild cases without significant progressed damage to the bowel.
Antibiotics
Antibiotics are administered to minimize infection, which can quickly complicate an ischemic bowel.
Surgery
In more severe cases, surgery is required to remove the ischemic colon.
Prevention
To help reduce your chances of developing ischemic bowel disease, take the following steps:
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Stay well hydrated.
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Reduce your risk of cardiovascular disease through regular exercise and a balanced diet low in fat and calories.
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Consume plenty of fresh fruits, vegetables, and fiber, which may reduce your risk of colon cancer.
RESOURCES:
American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
http://www.asge.org
Medline Plus
U.S. National Library of Medicine
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
BC Health Guide
http://www.bchealthguide.org
Canadian Association of Gastroenterology (CAG)
http://www.cag-acg.org
References:
Green BT, Tendler DA. Ischemic colitis: A clinical review. Southern Med J. 2005 Feb;98(2):217-22.
Greenwald DA, Brandt LJ, Reinus JF. Ischemic bowel disease in the elderly. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2001;30:445-65.
